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Jewish religious movements sometimes called "denominations" or "branches", include different groups which have developed among Jews from ancient times. Today, the main division is along the lines of Orthodox-Reform-Conservative lines, with several smaller religious movements alongside them. This threefold denominational structure is mainly present in the United States, while in Israel the fault lines are between the religious Orthodox and the non-religious. The movements share common values such as monotheism, charity, and ''klal Yisrael'' (a sense of being part of, and responsible for, the universal Jewish community). These Jewish values are the basis for cooperation and interplay among the various movements. They also share a recognition that the Tanakh (in which the Torah or Law is included) and other Jewish spiritual writings such as Talmud are central to Jewish experience. However, they differ in their approach to such texts. The movements differ in their views on various religious issues. These issues include the level of observance, the methodology for interpreting and understanding Jewish Law, biblical authorship, textual criticism, and the nature or role of the messiah (or messianic age). Across these movements, there are marked differences in liturgy, especially in the language in which services are conducted, with the more traditional movements emphasizing Hebrew. The sharpest theological division occurs between Orthodox and non-Orthodox Jews who adhere to other denominations, such that the non-Orthodox movements are sometimes referred to collectively as the "liberal denominations" or "progressive streams." ==Terminology== Some Jews reject the term ''denomination'' as a label for different groups and ideologies within Judaism, arguing that the notion of denomination has a specifically Christian resonance that does not translate easily into the Jewish context. However, in recent years the ''American Jewish Year Book'' has adopted "denomination," as have many scholars and theologians.〔Jonathan D. Sarna, ''American Judaism: A History'' (2004) p. xix-xx notes the "newfound popularity" of the term "denomination."〕 Other commonly used terms are ''movements'', ''branches'', ''trends'', ''streams'', or even ''flavors'' of Judaism. This article uses the terms interchangeably, without purporting to affirm the validity of one term over another. The Jewish denominations themselves reject characterization as sects. Sects are traditionally defined as religious subgroups that have broken off from the main body, and this separation usually becomes irreparable over time. Within Judaism, individuals and families often switch affiliation, and individuals are free to marry one another, although the major denominations disagree on who is a Jew. It is not unusual for clergy and Jewish educators trained in one of the liberal denominations to serve in another, and left with no choice, many small Jewish communities combine elements of several movements to achieve a viable level of membership. Relationships between Jewish religious movements are varied; they are sometimes marked by interdenominational cooperation outside of the realm of halakha (Jewish Law), and sometimes not. Some of the movements sometimes cooperate by uniting with one another in community federations and in campus organizations such as the Hillel Foundation. Jewish religious denominations are distinct from, but often linked to, Jewish ethnic divisions and Jewish political movements. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jewish religious movements」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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